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A complete timeline of Tampa’s erased Zion Cemetery

It took two years to compile the story of the Black segregation-era burial ground.
 
This is a map of Zion Cemetery that was filed with the Hillsborough County Clerk in 1901.
This is a map of Zion Cemetery that was filed with the Hillsborough County Clerk in 1901. [ Courtesy of Hillsborough County Clerk of Courts ]
By
Published Aug. 26, 2020|Updated Aug. 26, 2020

TAMPA — In June 2019, the Tampa Bay Times published its first report questioning whether Zion Cemetery’s graves were exhumed before the land was developed.

Two months later, archaeologists confirmed via ground-penetrating radar that coffins were still there, under public housing, warehouses and a tow lot along the 3700 block of N Florida Avenue.

The story of the segregation-era Black burial ground took two years to compile, from the start of the Times’ investigation in September 2018 through the archaeologists’ physical confirmation of coffins in June 2020.

This collection of drinking bottles, a condiment bottle, left, and an omega oil bottle, center, are among the artifacts recovered during the excavation of the Robles Park Village neighborhood, previously known as Robles Pond in Tampa. The items are stored at Cardno, an archaeology firm in Tampa, which recovered the items from the historic African American community in 2019.
This collection of drinking bottles, a condiment bottle, left, and an omega oil bottle, center, are among the artifacts recovered during the excavation of the Robles Park Village neighborhood, previously known as Robles Pond in Tampa. The items are stored at Cardno, an archaeology firm in Tampa, which recovered the items from the historic African American community in 2019. [ DOUGLAS R. CLIFFORD | Times ]

The story will continue to unfold in the coming years as the businesses on that land move, the buildings come down, a memorial park is constructed and, hopefully, some of the gaps in Zion’s history are filled in.

The Times has compiled the known history — told so far through dozens of stories — into one timeline:

Related: See how the story of forgotten cemeteries has unfolded in the Tampa Bay Times
Robles Pond is the small body of water in the top right of this 1892 aerial. The Robles Pond neighborhood was less than a mile from it to the northwest.
Robles Pond is the small body of water in the top right of this 1892 aerial. The Robles Pond neighborhood was less than a mile from it to the northwest. [ Courtesy of the Tampa Bay History Center ]

Late 1800s

Robles Pond, a 45-acre all-Black community linked by sandy roads, is established in an area then outside city limits. The rough boundaries are Florida Avenue to Central Avenue, and Virginia Avenue to Lake Avenue. The “pond” in Robles Pond is less than a mile south of the community.

This photo of a wooden schoolhouse might be the only picture that exists of the pioneering African American neighborhood of Robles Pond.
This photo of a wooden schoolhouse might be the only picture that exists of the pioneering African American neighborhood of Robles Pond. [ Courtesy of State Archives of Florida, Florida Memory ]
The sales deed between Richard Doby and Isaac W. Warner.
The sales deed between Richard Doby and Isaac W. Warner. [ Courtesy of the Hillsborough County Hillsborough County Clerk of Courts ]

1894

September: Mount Carmel AME Church begins holding services on Sundays in the one-room wooden Robles Pond Elementary School at 3819 N Florida Ave.

Related: Did anyone fight to save their graves? We may never know.

November: Richard Doby, a prominent African American land developer, purchases about 3 acres along the 3800 block of N Florida Avenue in the Robles Pond neighborhood for $140 from Isaac W. Warner. That land includes the schoolhouse.

This is a map of Zion Cemetery that was filed with the Hillsborough County Clerk on Feb. 20, 1901.
This is a map of Zion Cemetery that was filed with the Hillsborough County Clerk on Feb. 20, 1901. [ Courtesy of Hillsborough County Clerk of Courts ]

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1901

February: A map of the 2.5-acre Zion Cemetery located on Doby’s 3 acres of land is filed with the Hillsborough County Clerk. The school remains on the other half-acre of the property, in a corner cut out for it.

The Zion Cemetery sales deed between Florida Industrial and Commercial Co. and Richard Doby.
The Zion Cemetery sales deed between Florida Industrial and Commercial Co. and Richard Doby. [ Courtesy of Hillsborough County Clerk of Courts ]

1907

Mount Carmel AME Church moves to 415 E Lake Ave. at the corner of Florida Avenue, a block away from Zion Cemetery.

November: Doby sells Zion for $300 to the Black-owned Florida Industrial and Commercial Co. Among the company’s officers is Daniel A. Perrin, former pastor of St. Paul AME Church.

1910

Though newspaper articles previously mention burials at Zion Cemetery, it is listed in official death records for the first time. They state that 26 people are buried there that year.

1911

Death records report that 117 people are buried in Zion Cemetery.

In 1912, James J. Head sought to claim ownership of Zion Cemetery.
In 1912, James J. Head sought to claim ownership of Zion Cemetery. [ Times (1912) ]

1912

James J. Head, a former county treasurer and a former Confederate commander, claims he is the rightful owner of Zion Cemetery because he paid its back taxes. Head is initially awarded the cemetery, but Florida Industrial and Commercial Co. ultimately retains ownership.

Death records report that 47 people are buried in Zion.

1913

Death records report that 101 people are buried in Zion Cemetery.

1914

The privately published Polk City Directory for Tampa lists Zion Cemetery for the first time. The address is Florida Avenue near Buffalo Avenue. Buffalo is later renamed Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard.

Death records report that 97 people are buried in Zion.

1915

Zion Cemetery receives a numerical address in the Polk City Directory: 3801 N Florida Ave.

Death records report that 111 people are buried in Zion.

March: Zion is auctioned off by the Hillsborough County Sheriff’s Office to pay a debt owed to Orleans Manufacturing Co. by Florida Industrial and Commercial Co. It’s not clear who purchases the land.

This is a page from the 1916 Hillsborough County Atlas which shows a "colored cemetery" off Florida Avenue across the street from Kentucky Avenue.
This is a page from the 1916 Hillsborough County Atlas which shows a "colored cemetery" off Florida Avenue across the street from Kentucky Avenue. [ HANDOUT | Tampa Bay History Center ]

1916

“Mt. Carmel AME” is scribbled at the corner of a “Colored Cemetery” property — where Zion Cemetery was located — on an atlas map published by Hillsborough County. Historians believe that means the church managed the cemetery.

Death records report that 92 people are buried in Zion.

1917

Death records report that 88 people are buried in Zion Cemetery.

A Czechoslovakian porcelain serving plate (c. 1918), a Florida Archaic Stemmed point (c. 3000 B.C.-5000 B.C.), a vitrolite tile (c. 1920) and a marble are among the artifacts recovered during the excavation of the Robles Park Village neighborhood, previously known as Robles Pond in Tampa. The items are stored at Cardno, an archaeology firm in Tampa that recovered the items from the historic African American community in 2020.
A Czechoslovakian porcelain serving plate (c. 1918), a Florida Archaic Stemmed point (c. 3000 B.C.-5000 B.C.), a vitrolite tile (c. 1920) and a marble are among the artifacts recovered during the excavation of the Robles Park Village neighborhood, previously known as Robles Pond in Tampa. The items are stored at Cardno, an archaeology firm in Tampa that recovered the items from the historic African American community in 2020. [ DOUGLAS R. CLIFFORD | Times ]

1918

Death records report that 68 people are buried in Zion Cemetery.

1919

Death records report that 10 people are buried in Zion Cemetery.

1920

Death records report that 10 people are buried in Zion Cemetery.

1921

Death records report that one person is buried in Zion Cemetery.

1922

Death records report that no one is buried in Zion Cemetery.

1923

Zion Cemetery does not appear in the annual Polk City Directory. It never reappears.

The city boundaries expand to include Zion and the Robles Pond neighborhood.

Death records report that one person is buried in Zion. That marks the final burial reported. In all, death records report 769 burials, but archaeologists believe there are more.

December: A newspaper article listed Zion in a story about prominent cemeteries.

1925

July: Newspapers report that black communities near Florida and Lake avenues are getting squeezed out by white developments. Zion is in this area.

The Zion Cemetery sales deed between H.P. Kennedy and Alice W. Fuller.
The Zion Cemetery sales deed between H.P. Kennedy and Alice W. Fuller. [ Courtesy of Hillsborough County Clerk of Courts ]

1926

January: Alice W. Fuller of Los Angeles sells Zion Cemetery for $1 to Tampa developer H.P. Kennedy. Fuller is the daughter of Warner, who sold the land to Doby in 1894. It is not clear who sold it to Fuller or when. Fuller and Kennedy are both white.

May: Newspapers report a mass reburial of bodies from Zion’s neighboring all-white Catholic Cemetery to Myrtle Hill Cemetery.

1927

A report issued by the Tampa Urban league says Robles Pond has a population of 315.

Florida Avenue addresses are moved back one block. What had been the 3800 block where Zion Cemetery was located becomes the 3700 block.

This article from the Tampa Daily Times dated May 25, 1929, shows a new row of businesses that had just been built off Florida Avenue (lower right) on the site of the former Zion Cemetery. That building is still there today.
This article from the Tampa Daily Times dated May 25, 1929, shows a new row of businesses that had just been built off Florida Avenue (lower right) on the site of the former Zion Cemetery. That building is still there today. [ TAMPA DAILY TIMES | Times (1929) ]

1929

February: H.P. Kennedy obtains approval from the City of Tampa to build a five-shop storefront at 3700 N Florida Ave. That is Zion Cemetery property.

March: H.P. Kennedy successfully petitions Tampa City Council to have taxes canceled for 1927 and 1928 on the Zion property because it is used as a cemetery.

This 1931 Sanborn map shows the area where Zion Cemetery was located.
This 1931 Sanborn map shows the area where Zion Cemetery was located. [ Courtesy of the Tampa Bay History Center ]

1931

There is no reference to a cemetery at Florida and Virginia avenues, named or unnamed, on a Sanborn map. But, Eunive Massey, who lived next to it, told the Times in 2019 that Zion Cemetery is still there in 1931. A scaled-down version sat behind the storefront and three homes. The entrance was moved from Florida Avenue to the southern end of the property along Ruth Avenue, she said.

A plat of what would become the Blue Moon Poultry Shop that was built over graves from Zion Cemetery.
A plat of what would become the Blue Moon Poultry Shop that was built over graves from Zion Cemetery. [ Hillsborough County Clerk of Courts ]

1932

Blue Moon Poultry Shop opens in a second storefront next to those built by Kennedy. That is also Zion Cemetery property.

1933

According to Eunive Massey in 2019, some graves are exhumed from Zion but she does not know how many, who or why. All the headstones are removed and the cemetery’s existence is erased even though hundreds of bodies are still there.

1937

Kennedy begins selling parcels of the Zion Cemetery property. One buyer is Mary Jane Pleus, who purchases the land her Blue Moon Poultry Shop sits on.

An artist's rendition of the Robles Park Village when it opened in 1954. Then for whites only, the housing project replaced the pioneering Black neighborhood of Robles Pond.
An artist's rendition of the Robles Park Village when it opened in 1954. Then for whites only, the housing project replaced the pioneering Black neighborhood of Robles Pond. [ Times files ]

1950

May: The Robles Pond neighborhood, including the Zion Cemetery land, is targeted as a location for white public housing projects during a Tampa Housing Authority meeting.

1951

June: Robles Pond residents ask the Tampa Housing Authority to not take the community through eminent domain. They are denied.

July: Mount Carmel AME files a lawsuit against the Housing Authority to stop the eminent domain. They lose.

November: While building the Robles Park Apartments, on land that included part of the Zion Cemetery site, crews unearth three caskets. The city tells reporters that all the other bodies had been moved in 1925. Minutes from Housing Authority meetings include discussion of the three caskets and the need to re-inter them, but there is no mention of halting construction or searching for more graves.

Barbara Feliciano recalls the spot where police discovered remains in 1953 on the site of the former Zion Cemetery.
Barbara Feliciano recalls the spot where police discovered remains in 1953 on the site of the former Zion Cemetery. [ "JAMES BORCHUCK | TIMES" | Tampa Bay Times ]

1953

April: Robles Park Village opens.

Summer: Barbara Feliciano, who was among the first to reside in Robles Park Village, tells the Times in 2019 that sets of human remains from Zion Cemetery are discovered in the summer of 1953 behind the storefront on the 3700 block of N Florida Avenue.

1954

October: The 67-building Robles Park Village is officially dedicated.

A newspaper clipping from the Tampa Tribune dated July 17, 1962, shows police and city workers removing remains from Zion Cemetery that a resident, far left, had dug up while burying trash in his backyard.
A newspaper clipping from the Tampa Tribune dated July 17, 1962, shows police and city workers removing remains from Zion Cemetery that a resident, far left, had dug up while burying trash in his backyard. [ JAMES BORCHUCK | Times (1962) ]

1962

July: A skeleton is found by a man digging to bury trash in the backyard of his Ruth Avenue home, which sits on land where Zion Cemetery was located.

Ray Reed closes the gates to the Cemetery for All People in Tampa. The county's poorest once were buried on the property along N 22nd Street, and Reed is working to tell their stories.
Ray Reed closes the gates to the Cemetery for All People in Tampa. The county's poorest once were buried on the property along N 22nd Street, and Reed is working to tell their stories.

2018

September: The Times profiles Ray Reed’s efforts to discover the identities of the thousands buried without headstones in Tampa’s Cemetery for All People at 5901 N 22nd St. He also mentions he keeps finding death records from the early 1900s for Black people buried in Zion Cemetery, but he doesn’t know where or what it was. The Times begins investigating.

This image is a 3D laser scan of Robles Park Village showing subsurface results in relation to the buildings. The red and/or blue rectangles represent buried objects in the shape of graves superimposed on the 3D imagery.
This image is a 3D laser scan of Robles Park Village showing subsurface results in relation to the buildings. The red and/or blue rectangles represent buried objects in the shape of graves superimposed on the 3D imagery. [ Cardno ]
A map of the Zion Cemetery graves that ground penetrating radar discovered.
A map of the Zion Cemetery graves that ground penetrating radar discovered. [ Courtesy of Cardno ]

2019

June: The Times publishes its first report on Zion Cemetery that questions whether bodies were moved.

July: The Tampa Housing Authority hires archaeologists to survey their piece of the Zion Cemetery land occupied by five buildings.

August: Archaeologists announce that ground-penetrating radar has discovered 126 caskets on the Housing Authority’s Zion Cemetery property. The Housing Authority begins relocating the 29 families living in the five buildings erected on the cemetery footprint

November: Archaeologists announce that ground-penetrating radar has discovered 17 caskets on a piece of Zion Cemetery property that is now home to Sunstate Wrecker Services towing lot.

Cardno archaeologist KC Allen uses a trowel as she explores a grave shaft at Zion Cemetery.
Cardno archaeologist KC Allen uses a trowel as she explores a grave shaft at Zion Cemetery. [ Times (2020) ]

2020

January: Archaeologists announce that ground-penetrating radar has discovered 115 caskets on Zion Cemetery property that is now home to warehouses and the vacant storefront that Kennedy built. The land is now owned by restaurateur Richard Gonzmart. To date, around 300 caskets have been discovered by ground-penetrating radar. Archaeologists say there are likely hundreds more. None of the bodies will be moved.

February: The three owners of Zion property agree to one day sell their pieces to a nonprofit that, when formed, will turn the land into a memorial site.

March: The last of the 29 families who lived in Robles Park Village apartments built over Zion Cemetery are relocated.

June: Through an excavation, archaeologists physically confirm the existence of coffins on Zion property.

This assortment of demijohn bottle tops, dated prior to 1940, was recovered during the excavation of artifacts from the Robles Park Village neighborhood, previously known as Robles Pond in Tampa. They remain in the possession of Cardno, an archaeology firm in Tampa that excavated the historic African American community in 2020. Demijohn is French, and is used to describe any large, narrow-necked bottle that is used to hold liquid.
This assortment of demijohn bottle tops, dated prior to 1940, was recovered during the excavation of artifacts from the Robles Park Village neighborhood, previously known as Robles Pond in Tampa. They remain in the possession of Cardno, an archaeology firm in Tampa that excavated the historic African American community in 2020. Demijohn is French, and is used to describe any large, narrow-necked bottle that is used to hold liquid. [ DOUGLAS R. CLIFFORD | Times ]
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