This file photo shows the Stillwater Mining Co. complex, the only platinum and palladium mine in the United States. A platinum-group metal, palladium has a variety of uses including in jewellery and dentistry, but a good deal of it ends up in automobiles to clean exhaust gases from gasoline engines.Matthew Brown/The Associated Press
Investors have made a fortune on palladium this year. So why are exchange-traded funds that track the precious metal hemorrhaging cash?
More than $49-million (U.S.) has left the two main U.S. and European palladium ETFs – the ETFS Physical Palladium Shares and the ZKB Palladium fund – or roughly 15 per cent of assets through Aug. 21 this year, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. Across all ETFs, holdings of palladium have plunged from around 3.1 million ounces in 2014 to 1.6 million ounces today. And that's while the metal has risen 38 per cent this year to its highest price since 2001.
The explanation for the outflows lies in part in the scarcity of physical palladium and a robust borrowing market that has developed among users and speculators. Most ETFs that track stocks or bonds are fairly predictable in that flows typically correspond with performance. For funds that hold exotic assets such as palladium however, quirks in the underlying market can often lead to more unpredictable patterns.
"This is different from the traditional 'palladium is up, so let me buy it' type sentiment," said Eric Balchunas, a Bloomberg Intelligence analyst. "There's more intrigue here than usual."
To understand what's happening, you've got to dig into the small, opaque world of the metal itself and the myriad ways sophisticated investors are using commodities ETFs. A platinum-group metal, palladium has a variety of uses including in jewellery and dentistry, but a good deal of it ends up in automobiles to clean exhaust gases from gasoline engines.
Demand for such engines has soared in the wake of Volkswagen AG's diesel-emissions scandal, which has led to "tightness" in the market for physical palladium and contributed to scarcity, according to Michael Widmer, head of metals markets research at Merrill Lynch in London.
Supply is set to trail demand by the most in at least seven years, according to researcher Metals Focus, while inventories in warehouses tracked by the New York Mercantile Exchange have shrunk by 45 per cent this year.
The shortage of physical palladium is driving companies to seek out alternative ways of acquiring it. One way that has become increasingly popular is to pull together a bunch of shares of the ETF and redeem them with the issuer in exchange for an equivalent amount of the precious metal, minus costs.
"If the spot market is tight and it's tough to get the metal, yes it makes sense to pay the extra cost of pulling supply from ETFs," said Ryan McKay, a commodity strategist at TD Securities Inc. in Toronto.
It's not unusual for institutional investors to use ETFs in this way, and in other ways that go far beyond simple long-term allocation, said Mr. Balchunas. "In this case, the ETF is like a palladium warehouse," he said.
It's not just companies in need of palladium that are tapping the ETF – it's also speculators such as hedge funds, according to Merrill's Mr. Widmer. One quirk of palladium is that some users, such as oil companies, prefer to lease instead of owning it outright, Mr. Widmer said.
In June, the cost to borrow palladium for one week climbed to as much as 25 per cent as a result of weak supply, said David Jensen, founder of Jensen Strategic, a firm that offers strategic advisory services for the precious metals mining sector. Usually it hovers around 1 per cent or less, he said. That's created an opportunity for lenders, Mr. Widmer said.
While there's no harm in using ETFs in this way, when investors rely too much on a fund at the expense of its underlying assets, it can distort the price, Mr. Balchunas said. If investors prefer to trade the ETF rather than in the primary market for palladium, a premium will arise in the fund's price.
The premium in the ETF Securities LLC fund tracking the metal, symbol PALL, spiked to 2.3 per cent above its holdings on Aug. 16, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. That's above its five-year average, but still not large enough to cause worry, Mr. Balchunas said.
Also, there are signs that the practice may be winding down. The amount of palladium held by all ETFs rebounded by around 100,000 ounces in August, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. "If you've come down 60 per cent in terms of holdings, can there really be that much left?" Mr. Jensen said. "The remaining holders may actually be investors."
Indeed, some investors have continued to add cash, drawn in by palladium's rally and the potential for further gains. The fund run by ETF Securities has returned 37.5 per cent this year, while the Europe-listed Zuercher Kantonalbank Palladium ETF has gained 30 per cent.
Andy Wester, a portfolio manager at Proficio Capital, bought the ETF Securities fund in September when the price was in the $60s, and now it's $89.63. He's been adding to his position ever since.
"PALL is our biggest bet right now," he said.